Using Photogrammetry in Court. This is a guest article by forensics consultant, and trainer, Dan Mills. Bio below. Anyone in a technical field that brings evidence to court must consider both the evidence they are presenting, as well as the admissibility of their methods.
Abstract. Attorneys who use close-range photogrammetry experts are better situated to prove their case in court. Photogrammetry is the science of deducing the physical dimension of objects from measurements on photographs. Photogrammetry experts make it easy for attorneys to explain measurements in photos in cases involving accidents, forensic investigations, and …
When testifying about using photogrammetry an attorney may try to? When is fill in flash used? Which of the following directly affects the depth of field range? In order for photographs to be entered into court as evidence they must be relevant and; Photogrammetry is the process of? When using Photoshop to rotate images what happens to the ...
In photogrammetry _____is the most important foundation? Photogrammetry requires which of the following? When testifying about using photogrammetry an attorney may try to? In making sketches one will sometimes use the: When natural features exist, photogrammetry can still be utilized this is referred to as the _____method?
Close-range photogrammetry has a proven record for its virtues helping attorneys settle and win cases by producing accurate three-dimensional measurement data extracted from analog photographs and digital camera images. The fundamentals of photogrammetry do require some initial 'camera math' information in order for the final data output to be reliable.
Photogrammetry is a science in existence since Leonardo da Vinci. In 1492 , da Vinci began working with perspective and central projections with his invention of the Magic Lantern [Gruner, 1977]. The principles of perspective and projective geometry form the basis from which photogrammetric theory was developed.
Land Surveying, Engineering - Aerial Photo Analysis, Mapping, Explosions, Fire Origin & Cause Investigations, Forensic Engineering, Geographic Information Systems - GIS, High Definition Surveying (HDS), Highway Sight Distance, 3D Laser Scanning, LiDAR, Geomatics, Photogrammetry, Visibility Studies, Wildfires, Wildland Fires
Video, Animations - Photogrammetry, Video Analysis, 3D Scene Reconstruction, Forensic 3D Analyst, Videogrammetry, Laser Scanning, Body worn camera, Video reenactments, Virtual Reality, Shooting reconstruction, Reverse Camera Projection, Onsite Photogrammetry
Video, Photography & Imaging - Forensic Video Analysis, Image Clarification, Security Video, Surveillance Video, Cell Phone Video, Photogrammetry, Reverse Projection, Video Production, Day in the Life Video, Drone Video & Drone Photography, Digital Media, 3D Representation & 3D Graphics
Human Factors, Products Liability - Warnings, Labels, Reconstruction, Visibility, Failure Analysis, Forensic Engineering, Defects, Photogrammetry, Metallurgy, Human Factors, Ergonomics, Construction, OSHA, Safety Engineering, Product Liability, Equipment Failures, Industrial Accidents, Power Utility Accidents, Insurance Claims
There are, to be sure, advanced forms of photogrammetry requiring specialized software and a trained operator that can cope with oblique views and three dimensional scenes. To accomplish this, the photo must contain at least one object of known size and the operator must know the focal length of the lens.
Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs. That definition comes from http://www.photogrammetry.com where you will find links to other photogrammetry sites. Photogrammetry.com classifies photogrammetry as: Aerial, which is used for terrain-mapping from an aircraft.
Mike has written the e-book Practical Police Photography, a 280 page ebook covering everything that an entry level police photographer or forensic science student needs to know, with links to many sites providing additional information.
Gimp. While Photoshop is the editor of choice for forensics professionals, Gimp and Irfanview are free. I elected to use the Irfanview ruler because Larry Barksdale teaching at the University of Nebraska created an Irfanview PowerPoint for his students.
What is Photogrammetry? Photogrammetry is a photographic process that generates 3D data (measurements) from 2D images (photographs) to create a 3D model with accurate color and texture. Basically, you take a bunch of pictures at different angles of an object, run all the photos through a computer program called Metashape, and you end up with a very cool digital 3D object at the end! The Smithsonian 3D Digitization has a whole collection of 3D models online you can browse from artifacts to structures to in-situ burials.
Aperture . Set your camera to a low f/stop around f8 to f11. Aperture, also called f/stop, controls the opening of the lens on your camera. The lower the aperture number, the wider the opening in the lens, which provides less depth-of-field i.e. a blurrier background.
Camera Adjustments. There are four critical settings on a DSLR you want to be aware of: ISO, white balance, aperture (f/stop), and shutter speed. All cameras are different and the target numbers will depend on the environment in which you are shooting. All four of these settings are inter-related.
However, a higher ISO, i.e. more light-sensitive, the more noise you introduce into your photo.
The camera will adjust the shutter speed accordingly. Most likely, you’ll be setting your camera to a 1/80 shutter speed or higher depending on the light quality. The shutter speed is the amount of time the shutter on your camera is open.
Lenses are measured based on focal length (the number before the mm on your lens). The wider a lens (lower mm number), the more you are able to capture in a photo, however with a 24 mm lens or lower you’ll start to see distortion around at the edges of your frame.
Agisoft Metashape will export to most 3D formats that are usable in other 3D modeling software. OBJ is a standard format that is commonly used. STL is a format that most 3D printers use though keep in mind it will not include any texture information.
The questions asked are for the purpose of “direct examination”. When you are questioned by the opposing attorney, it is called “cross examination”. This process is sometimes repeated several times in order to clearly address all aspects of the questions and answers. The basic purpose of direct examination is for you to tell the judge and jury what you know about the case. The basic purpose of cross examination is to raise doubts about the accuracy of your testimony. Don’t get mad if you feel you are being doubted during the cross examination. The defense attorney is just doing their job.
The basic purpose of direct examination is for you to tell the judge and jury what you know about the case. The basic purpose of cross examination is to raise doubts about the accuracy of your testimony. Don’t get mad if you feel you are being doubted during the cross examination.
A neat appearance and proper dress in court are important. An appearance that seems very casual or very dressy will distract the jury during the brief time you’re on the stand, and the jury may not pay attention to your testimony.
Most important of all, you are sworn to TELL THE TRUTH. Tell it. Every true fact should be readily admitted. Do not stop to figure out whether your answer will help or hurt either side. Just answer the questions to the best of your memory.
Instead, be yourself, and prior to trial go over in your own mind the matter about which you will be questioned.
If your answer was not correctly stated, correct it immediately. If your answer was not clear, clarify it immediately. It is better to correct a mistake yourself than to have the attorney discover an error in your testimony. If you realize you have answered incorrectly, say, “May I correct something I said earlier?” Sometimes witnesses give inconsistent testimony – something they said before doesn’t agree with something they said later. If this happens to you, don’t get flustered. Just explain honestly why you were mistaken. The jury, like the rest of us, understands that people make honest mistakes.
Unless certain, don’t say “That’s all of the conversation” or “Nothing else happened”. Instead say, “That’s all I recall,” or “That’s all I remember happening”. It may be that after more thought or another question, you will remember something important.