Citing Constitutional and Statutory Provisions ... in Brief; Citing Agency Material ... in Brief; The Bluebook; ALWD Citation Manual; eBook. PDF; WHAT AND WHY? Introduction; Purposes of Legal Citation; Types of Citation Principles; Levels of Mastery; Citation in Transition
The Bluebook would cite decisions from the courts of appeals as “Mo. Att’y Gen. No. An Attorney General Opinion, also called a “formal opinion”, thus represents the Attorney General’s official position on a point of law. To the extent possible, unpublished opinions …
Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions – Most Common Form § 2-495. Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions – Points of Difference in Citation Practice o § 2-500. Arbitration Decisions o § 2-600. Court Rules o § 2-700. Books § 2-710. Book Citations – Most Common Form § 2-715. Book Citations ...
Jun 28, 2021 · Citing Government Sources Using APA Style The following examples below supplement the guidance from published sources. Three important considerations when citing a government publication: The “author” of any government material is almost always “institutional” — an agency, office, committee, department, etc. — not an individual ...
When lawyers present legal arguments and judges write opinions, they cite authority. They lace their representations of what the law is and how it applies to a given situation with references to statutes, regulations, and prior appellate decisions they believe to be pertinent and supporting. They also refer to persuasive secondary literature such as treatises, restatements, and journal articles. As a consequence, those who would read law writing and do law writing must master a new, technical language – "legal citation."
What is "legal citation"? It is a standard language that allows one writer to refer to legal authorities with sufficient precision and generality that others can follow the references. Because writing by lawyers and judges is so dependent on such references, it is a language of abbreviations and special terms. While this encryption creates difficulty for lay readers, it achieves a dramatic reduction in the space consumed by the, often numerous, references. As you become an experienced reader of law writing, you will learn to follow a line of argument straight through the many citations embedded in it. Even so, citations are a bother until the reader wishes to follow one. The fundamental tradeoff that underlies any citation scheme is one between providing full information about the referenced work and keeping the text as uncluttered as possible. Standard abbreviations and codes help achieve a reasonable compromise of these competing interests.
at the end of a section heading you can obtain direct pointers to more detailed material in
When a reference is to the uniform law or model code apart from its adoption and interpretation in a particular state , the citation should consist of the name of the uniform law or code (as abbreviated), section number, and the year that law or code (or major subpart) was promulgated or last amended.
Illinois, Louisiana, and Mississippi use the docket number as the case ID rather than generating a new one based on year and decision sequence. In addition, Louisiana uses slip opinion page numbers rather than paragraph numbers for pinpoint citation. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit does the same.
As is true with other languages, learning to read "legal citation" is easier than learning to write it fluently. The active use of any language requires greater mastery than the receiving and understanding of it. In addition, there is the potential confusion of dialects or other nonstandard forms of expression. As already noted, "legal citation," like other languages, does indeed have dialects. Most are readily understandable and thus pose little likelihood of confusion for a reader. To the beginning writer, however, they present a serious risk of misleading and inconsistent models. As a writer of "legal citation," you must take care that you check all references that you find in the work of others. This includes citations in court
vi work is filled with linked cross references and both the table of contents and index rely on them, most will find a print copy far less useful than the electronic original. Help with Citation Issues Beyond the Scope of this Work The "help" links available throughout the work lead back to this preface and its tips on how to find specific topics. Being an introductory work, not a comprehensive reference, this resource has a limited scope and assumes that users confronting specialized citation issues will have to pursue them into the pages of
Three important considerations when citing a government publication: 1 The “author” of any government material is almost always “institutional” — an agency, office, committee, department, etc. — not an individual person. 2 When in doubt, provide the full “hierarchy” of the issuing agency as author. 3 U.S. Federal Government "authors" in citations should begin with "United States" or "U.S."
Whenever possible and reasonable, include a complete title, even when it’s of unwieldy length, in order to differentiate between that item and others with similar titles.
Again, an agency is almost always the “author” However, the same online document may appear on several different agencies’ Web sites, perhaps, result ing in different authors and/or titles for the same document.
The “author” of any government material is almost always “institutional” — an agency, office, committee, department, etc. — not an individual person.
The first citation to the Federal Register should always include (i) the volume, (ii) the abbreviated form “Fed. Reg.”, (iii) the page number, (iv) the date, and (v) important identifying information such as “proposed rule,” “interim rule,” “supplementary information,” or the citation where the rule will appear .
(i) Full Citations - Whenever citing a statute for the first time, be certain to include all the pertinent information, including the name of the statute, its public law number, statutory cite, and a parenthetical identifying where the statute was codified (if applicable), e.g., Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631. The only exception is the Immigration and Nationality Act, which is illustrated below.
This Appendix provides guidelines for frequently cited sources of law. EOIR generally follows A Uniform System of Citation (also known as the “Blue Book”) but diverges from that convention in certain instances. EOIR appreciates but does not require citations that follow the examples used in this Appendix. Note that, for the convenience of filing parties, some of the citation formats in this Appendix are less formal than those used in the published cases of the BIA. Once a source has been cited in full, the objective is brevity without compromising clarity. This Appendix concerns the citation of legal authority. For guidance on citing to the record and other sources, see Chapter 6: (3) (e) (Source Materials), Chapter 7: (19) (f) (Citation), Chapter 8: (6) (d) (Citation). As a practice, EOIR prefers italics in case names and publication titles, but underlining is an acceptable alternative. The citation categories are:
If a form does not have a name, use the form number as the citation.
a. the citation is to information that will never appear in the C.F.R., such as a public notice or announcement;
(A) General Guidance - There are two kinds of publications in the Federal Register: those that are simply informative in nature (such as “notices” of public meetings) and those that are regulatory in nature (referred to as “rules”). There are different types of “rules,” including “proposed,” “interim,” and “final.” The type of rule will determine whether or not (and for how long) the regulatory language contained in that rule will be in effect. Generally speaking, proposed rules are not law and do not have any effect on any case, while interim and final rules do have the force of law and, depending on timing, may affect a given case.#N#Regulations appear first in the Federal Register (Fed. Reg.) and then in the Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.). Once regulations appear in a volume of the C.F.R., do not cite to the Federal Register unless there is a specific reason to do so (discussed below).
(i) Abbreviations in case names - As a general rule, well-known agency abbreviations (e.g., DHS, INS, FBI, DOJ) may be used in a case name, but without periods. If an agency name includes reference to the “United States,” it is acceptable to abbreviate it to “U.S.” However, when the “United States” is named as a party in the case, do not abbreviate “United States.” For example: DHS v. Smith not D.H.S. v. Smith; U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Smith not United States Department of Justice v. Smith; United States v. Smith not U.S. v. Smith.
Plessy v. Ferguson) citation (in law, this means the volume and page in reporters, or books where case decisions are published ) jurisdiction of the court, in parentheses (e.g., US Supreme Court, Illinois Court of Appeals)
You do not need to create a citation for entire federal or state constitutions. Simply reference them in the text by name. When citing particular articles and amendments, create reference list entries and in-text citations as normal. The US Constitution should be abbreviated in reference lists and parentheticals to U.S. Const. Use legal state abbreviations for state constitutions, such as In. Const. for Indiana's Constitution. In the narrative, spell out these place names: U.S., United States, Indiana. Follow the constitution's numbering pattern (Roman for the US Constitution articles and amendments and for state constitution articles, but Arabic for state amendments).
The elements of a statute reference list entry are as follows, in order: name of the act. title, source (check the Bluebook for abbreviations), and section number of the statute; the publication date of the compilation you used to find the statute, in parentheses.
Years may be confusing because acts are often passed in a different year than they are published; you should always use the year when the law was published in the compilation you looked at.
The hearing title usually includes the subcommittee name.
Statutes are laws and acts passed by legislative bodies. Federal statutes can be found in the United States Code, abbreviated U.S.C., where they are divided into sections called titles that cover various topics. New laws are added into the title they most belong to. State statutes are published in their own state-specific publication.
date of decision, in same parentheses as jurisdiction. URL (optional) Parenthetical citations and narrative citations in-text are formatted the same as with any other source (first element of the reference list entry, year), though unlike with other sources, court decisions and cases use italics for the title in the in-text citation.
Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number, for example: (Field, 2005, para. 1). More information on direct quotation of sources without pagination is given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.
Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a person. For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author.
Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &.
is in small caps and everything else is in normal type. To make small caps in Word or other Microsoft products, highlight the text and press Ctrl+Shift+K on a PC or Command+Shift+K on a Mac .
Both the print and online version of the California Code of Regulations are updated on a weekly basis, so (unless it is the first week of January), the year is always the current year.